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The birth of the Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861, will be by the end of the siege of Gaeta. I, like all of us, and I'm not ready to defend our homeland with its life but this does not prevent me to remember with respect those who have fallen in defense of a fortress, until February 13 1861, was one of the worst in Europe.








I'm not an original type and are in good company: in 1868 the General Lanzavecchia Buri to put this inscription in what was once the battery Philipstad Gaeta:

PRODI TO THAT IN 'SIEGE OF GAETA 1860-61
BETWEEN THE FIST WEAPONS AGAINST THE MEMORY
valiant DROPPED THE ITALIAN ARMY CONSECRATES 1868

King who defended his kingdom was Francis II of Bourbon, Frankie ... yes really him but maybe it was not so ridiculous if his men received the honor of arms of Savoy commanded by the Carabinieri General Enrico Cialdini (later Duke of Gaeta), which, in truth, it was a much softer!
With the King, there was the young Queen Maria Sofia (the sister of Sissi, Empress of Austria) who live to go to find the Italian prisoners in Austria during World War I to find the Neapolitans and speak their dialect. Some say that years earlier had funded Gaetano Brescia, but that's another story.
As the plaque says, were the countless acts of bravery on both sides but the guns were ruled Piedmont-perhaps for the first time in military history-and shrapnel shells bursting in air, splashing by all parties, the History had already decided, and so the poor Frank could only stop it by September 7, 1860 to February 13 the following year.
And to say that September 7 Garibaldi had the courage to go alone to Naples and was presented in a carriage in what is now Piazza Plebiscito; of service to the artillery guns of Castel S. Elmo saw him well, but Frankie told not to shoot because he did not want death and destruction in Naples him! And so to the students of Nunziatella and Colonel De Liguori, who commanded the garrison of Castel Nuovo (Maschio Angioino laws), there is nothing that they also go to Gaeta with drums and flags in my head.
Up the month of November, the operations took place around Capua on the Volturno and Mola di Gaeta, where the flag of the 1st Regiment. Grenadiers was decorated with the Gold Medal at the V: M. Also on the Volturno, the battle was long and uncertain only the charisma of Garibaldi handed the victory to the Red Shirts. The remains of the Bourbon Army gathered in the front walls of Gaeta and some crossed the border with the Papal State Department and then dissolve.

In mid-November, the strength of the Army closed in Gaeta Bourbon compounded to 934 officers and 12,000 enlisted men. With them, to share hardships and dangers, as well as the King and Queen, were also members of the Court, the Apostolic Nuncio and the Diplomatic Corps accredited yet. The artillery had 506 pieces, but of these, only 329 could be placed in drums and many had little use for range and accuracy, with only four stripes
In November, the Army Corps of Savoy had 808 officers, 15,755 enlisted men, 1669 horses and 42 cannons. At 1 January 1861, had 166 artillery pieces with big guns Cavalli divided into 23 batteries of these 153 fired simultaneously in the last days.
The significant events during the siege were made a sally with about 2000 men from Gen.Bosco and a subsequent action to clear the firing range of the front of land. For the besieged was the worst day of Christmas when it rained gunfire on the city 500. Besides the artillery, had to withstand a typhus epidemic which caused many casualties among military and civilians, regardless of age, wealth and rank. Under these conditions there were episodes of picturesque Neapolitan sailors, in the stands and under fire, playing tresette or dancing the tarantella to ridicule the besiegers.
The capitulation came when, in late January and early February, occurred frightening explosions caused by precise shots that hit it a few deposits of dust, causing untold havoc.
On completion of the shots 56,727 were fired by Savoy and 35,244 by Napoletana. The losses were 46 dead and 321 wounded in one of the Piedmont and 826 dead and 569 wounded over 200 missing and 800 patients between the besieged. It has never been possible to trace the loss of civilians, and again in early 900, the Gaetani demanded compensation for war damages suffered. This question I got to see an old guide of parliamentary held to resolve this long outstanding issue.
During the siege, the young Queen was that animated the defenders, rushing where the battle was more intense and he earned the affection and admiration of the soldiers in foreign courts: the Army also recognized the Sarda brave the abnegation of Maria Sofia.
in arming the Savoy, was the Commander, General Cialdini, the tireless promoter, soliciting and directing his officers to continue the action that had to be so effective, but without unnecessary cruelty because

"We fought against the Italians, and This was necessary, a painful motion. Epper I could not invite demonstrations of joy, I could not invite the insulting triumph of winning ... ... .. The soldier fights Vittorio Emanuele and forgiving. "

As I have always liked this story, one summer I was ten days in Gaeta, on the beach Serapo and I searched the sites of history, but these places are no more because a mayor in the 60s bomber demolished the fortress walls to get the waterfront. The only place of history and 'own beach Serapo is that instead of a hill plateau after 1806 because it was an obstacle to the eye and shot by the besieged.
Then I also tried something this time but what I could find and 'a commemorative medal of the 3rd Regiment. Genius telegrapher and a topographic map of Gaeta and its surroundings that is dated February 4, 1861 and the signing of the Higher Commander Lieutenant General Louis Frederick Menabrea Army Corps of Engineers. These objects are not certain memorabilia siege but remember him with particular force, at least for me.
Of course I was not there but what I tried to tell modestly from:
- The end of a Kingdom - Raffaele de Cesare - Citta 'di Castello
-1895 - The Siege of Gaeta, the War Department - Rome 1924
- Francis II of Bourbon, the last King of Naples - Pier Giusto Jaeger - A. Mondadori 1982
, and more and I 'happened to read on the subject.

John.

PS: From Jack, I'm not sure that the solid lines on the topographic map indicating the direction of fire of the batteries Piedmont that the Friends Artillery dissolve the doubt!

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postponed mediation condominium



E 'victory of principles that underpin our right or another lost opportunity to better operate the judiciary?
The OAU (Organisation Advocacy Unit) has always challenged the institution of mediation by saying that would lead to a forced waiver of constitutional rights and undermines the right of defense and access to justice. In essence, the lawyers are opposed to the fact that a third party (the mediator), that does not belong judicial body, can have a high decision-making power and can use it without the parties being assisted by their lawyers. The OAU has also submitted an appeal to the TAR to the change in mandatory mediation on the grounds of objective obstacles such as: unavailability of classrooms in the courts; small number of conciliators; limited time to provide adequate service etc.etc. but many groups who want the mediation (Coldiretti, Confagricoltura, Confapi, Confindustria) and some professional associations (architects, surveyors, accountants, engineers), in contrast, showed that the mediation authorities are now locally based and have the organizational means and financial resources to fulfill every request.
The meeting of the Senate has finally approved the Decree-law converting the cd "thousand extensions" and this confirms the entry into force, to March 21 next year, the compulsory mediation in the following subjects; real rights; division, inheritance, family agreements, lease, loan, rent company, medical liability, libel, insurance contracts, banking and finance. It 'been extended for one year instead of the mandatory mediation in disputes relating to building and road traffic accidents in Italy account for most of the litigation. It 's the classic Italian-style solution, a blow to the circle and a shot in the barrel, which dissatisfied moving away from all that was originally anticipated.
The main purpose of the mediation, in accordance with the principles of the European community, is to weed out the court cases mandating, of these, to a third party (the mediator) who, at a cost fixed by law (and accessible to low all) leads the contenders to a conciliation agreement (shared by the parties). The broker, according to those rules, must have specific skills, however, will never be the same as an ordinary court with several years of experience. E 'therefore clear that the cases be assigned to be the simplest in terms of legal and those which, because of difficulties investigations, have a longer duration of the case. Among them, occupy a prominent place on their communal disputes and traffic accidents which clog the registrars of the courts. Both the condominium issues, road accidents, in fact, have a limited number of legal rules to which to refer, but in order to establish the causality of the accident, requiring adequate technical advisors (doctors, engineers, surveyors) which could be used by mediators in times that are much narrower than the Bible that they use the courts.
Logic would, therefore, that because of disputes related to traffic accidents and building maintenance issues would have to leave immediately and if its a slip was imposed, the extension would affect other civil disputes, regulatory and other thickness of well resolved more through the fact that interpretations of the law. Especially condominium disputes, then, relate to personal relationships that continue over time and issue a ruling, by necessity, leads to further exacerbate the bitterness between the rivals, while a conciliation agreement, accepted by both parties, and do not meet divide.
Why, then, was made a choice so contrary to logic and reason? We'll never know, the only thing certain is that, for another year, those who argue for the dog that barks, for improperly using the car yard pool, the water stain on the ceiling or the car accident (mostly individuals who pay their own pockets) should apply to lawyers and courts to protect individual rights (or of their principles) and, in this kind of battles, we are lawyers the only winners.
Francis.

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Unification of Italy in the Risorgimento Information

The author, a former pupil of Nunziatella, is a distinguished scientist, physicist and mathematician in the world, the inventor, among other things, the formula for generating prime numbers.

the Information Age with its reality shows and talk shows are all a bit 'Pinocchio between cat and the fox, a little a little Gianni Costello believe in Toyland, driven to make tronista or valleys, but above that in forgetting that they were 150 years, our ancestors fought peers, gave life and blood for what was the unification of Italy in three colors: white, red and green.
Where 'the future?
What are the values \u200b\u200bwhich we inherited from the recent past?
But above all, where are those who should remember?
A country without memory and 'a country without a future! The information of the web
remove rubbish if our history, elide the memory, let us be overwhelmed by the swirl of dissonant noise of a company that wears out, fragments and divides and feeds us the lowest paucity of human nothingness.
In a future of women and feminine men escort television there seems to be more 'space for doctors, engineers, researchers and managers real: there is' only the space of that "wasting time who knows more, sorry."
Everything 'contiguous and flash on the web, so dies the space-time physics two millennia by Newton and Galileo, Einstein, Hawking and Penrose.
But where and 'time to think?
What 'was that of Alexander the Great said that resonated in the mind before the battle, whispering "prudence in deciding, acting quickly"? So we live between
net economy, e-commerce world of the rich and the poor, without means, even if the company is disappearing, with a loud voice says that there is to eat only to live among and information counter, to be numb in the spirit in a gymnastics gym housing.
Diversity and plurality made the history of the beautiful country that has managed to charm the world, but now one of rubbish, intrigue and conspiracy, false the public policy and common interest, looks more like a hippo Country: yes, a hippo in mud, unable to move despite its strength, because of its size to quell'inerzia unbalanced.
But are we really sure that there is no other possibility?
We just have to choose whether to steal, cheat and sold for the last among the rich, or be honest, and professional culture, sinking between the mass of the poor, the unemployed, the window of a TV that can no longer look? No
perhaps there 's another chance!
Perhaps those who made the '68 and took over the country - robbing our dreams, desires and aspirations - are showing the limits of congenital blindness, which then could not keep up at school, choosing the path and way of protest against the one of real growth, with the sweat and sacrifice for a company who could be all and for all and not a political color. They chose the easier way, that the voice of the riser. But that model may not work today, today we can no longer afford in an era of globalization and internationalization, for those who own the wealth of the country and is' beyond the wall between the deafening sounds of newsboys information has not heard for pure hear before and after listening and understanding the truth.
Today you can only choose to take the field, in the battlefield and that 'our uncivil society, embracing arms. Yes, armed to avoid being overwhelmed. But armed with tools such as war? Certainly not with guns, machine guns or bars, but armed with culture, knowledge, skills and values, those values \u200b\u200bthat we were not able to pass because too hastily covered up and put the margin of a company called progress that the spasmodic power consumption. Then in the name of consumption were the good that could navigate and tap the bank not to scupper the Italian system. With those few are here today under a roof of democracy that allows us to at least the poor even say out loud that we're there, unlike some countries where it still is not 'can tell. But there 's also to say that today is no longer enough to be good, there is' space and perhaps only for excellence and' what should pursue without delay, with discipline, desire and devotion to style, class, elegance, kindness and attention for the next values \u200b\u200bcan be brought to light by the collapse of the shifting sands of the last thirty years.
In the information age we found these lost values, are the young people to have covered up those truths in its DNA, the future that you call it hacking or cracking and now 'already gone to war to make room for the twenty-first century , which is' already begun. The Infowar
more than an American can be the awakening of conscience, the output from the swamp mediocrity, the reaffirmation of those principles merit so exalted by many, but applied by anyone. About
assessed guests currency? Mediocre
curriculum judge the competence of today without even understanding the human dimension that we define and call in many capacities. If you would relive today
Garibaldi, would fight his battles on the web, but maybe someone there would also be able to regulate the new theater of battle, this new oversized collapse that made the space-time blending into one physical space and real cyberspace. While the web today
by troglodytes, ignorant, incompetent decision is left to itself, like a jungle in the hands of criminals and those who has the strength, will and overcome the evil intentions of others, having discovered a new tool of oppression, then as a call to arms Garibaldi is the responsibility of those who know ', the tool also be able to bend to human will to justice, fairness and humanity.
in a society where we are used to choose between equality and freedom of the left of the right, and 'time to make our choice. Maybe we could choose more than two hundred years ago as the French did not opting for one or the other thing, but on the renewal of strength with a new resurgence based on the triple freedom, equality and brotherhood. Then choose for the fraternal unity and still win, because the
ITALY IS NOT OVER AND TRICOLORE not burn.

Gerardo Iovane